Cosmology

EstablishedDirect evaluation of the drift identity and the Saha fractions at the named temperatures.

Ionization Mixture

Every charge drifts at the same crossed-field speed. The ionization fractions are a Saha table. They are not an integral into a stellar core.

Last updated: 8 October 2026

Reading this entry

The ionization-mixture page gives the drift speed shared by every charge in static crossed fields and tabulates Saha fractions for a solar mixture. Between 3000 and 6000 K the iron-group elements are ionized while hydrogen runs from nearly neutral to almost fully ionized, as a direct evaluation at the named densities.

What this is used for

Filament and isorotation work use this table when they need which species carry charge in a cool solar mixture. The drift v_r = −E_z B_θ/B² is the common speed, and the metal radius band is the mass-fraction print beside the helioseismic base 0.713 R_☉.

Walk through

A charge q in static crossed fields drifts at v_r = −E_z B_θ/B², independent of the sign and the magnitude of q. In a solar mixture at 3000–6000 K and n_H from 10¹⁴ to 10¹⁶ m⁻³, iron, magnesium, silicon, nickel, and calcium have x ≥ 0.91, hydrogen runs from about 5×10⁻⁹ to 0.98, and helium stays at or below 10⁻⁷. The band 0.2–0.3 R is the cube root of a metal mass fraction, and for Z = 0.0134 the radius is 0.238 R in a sphere and 0.116 R in a cylinder. The helioseismic convection-zone base printed beside those radii is 0.713 R_☉, and the core seat stays closed.

A particle of charge in static crossed fields drifts at a speed that does not depend on the sign or the magnitude of .

In a solar mixture at – and –, iron, magnesium, silicon, nickel, and calcium are ionized, . Hydrogen runs from about to across the same box. Helium stays at or below .

Ionization fraction versus temperature for Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Ni, H, O, and He. In the solar mix the iron-group curves sit near 1 while hydrogen and helium stay lower. — Right-hand panel: solar mix at . The shaded band is the ionization range the prompt asked the metals to occupy.

The radius band – is the cube root of a metal mass fraction inside a uniform sphere. For that radius is in a sphere and in a cylinder. The helioseismic base of the convection zone is . No drift integral connects the Saha table to that base. The core seat stays closed.

Integrity

The drift identity and the ionization fractions are direct evaluations. The core seat stays closed. This page charters no ledger row and does not promote.

Source Documents

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Ionization mixture

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