Electrodynamics
EstablishedConfined Photon
A photon confined on a Clifford torus trajectory has a reduced group velocity in the lab frame. This reduced velocity is the particle mass. Matter is confined light.
The key idea of the CPT framework is that while a photon in free space travels at , a photon constrained to a torus knot trajectory has a net lab-frame group velocity less than .
The mechanism is geometric: the photon spends time moving "around" the torus as well as "along" it. The winding ratio determines how much of the momentum is directed along the net propagation direction. This is not a photon bouncing between mirrors, but a single topological configuration of the electromagnetic field.
Torus winding reduction factor for
The confined photon frequency defines the particle's rest mass: , and thus energy .
Effective mass formula
This leads directly to the Compton wavelength: . The Compton wavelength is effectively the confinement frequency inverse. Because matter is confined light, any interaction that changes changes the mass, explaining why matter is electromagnetically massive.
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