Gravity
EstablishedMass as Electromagnetic Drag
The inertial mass of a particle is the electromagnetic drag force on its confined photon. F = ma emerges from Weber force at low velocity — mass is not an intrinsic property.
The standard picture
Mass is an intrinsic property of particles, set by the Higgs mechanism (or measured empirically).
CPT derivation
The confined photon on T(p,q) moves at along the torus. To accelerate the particle in the lab frame, you must change the direction of the confined photon's trajectory. This requires a force against the EM coupling of the confined photon to the surrounding Weber field.
The drag force calculation
For a T(1,1) particle moving at velocity in the S³ frame, the Weber force required to accelerate by is where .
Why m_eff = ħω/c²
This is the relativistic mass of the confined photon — the energy stored in the torus knot trajectory divided by .
F = ma from Weber
At low velocity (), the velocity-dependent terms in the Weber force reduce to Newton's second law exactly.
The Higgs field
Not needed — mass is EM drag, not a coupling to a scalar field.
Variable mass
If the confinement frequency changes (e.g., in a different EM environment), the particle mass changes — potentially testable in strong-field regimes.
Effective Mass from Weber Drag
Source Documents
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