NZ shadow and GRRT

Geometric +4.63% is established. Observed diameter is emission-load-bearing. We have ray-traced; we have not run GRMHD.

Last updated: 19 August 2026

Reading this entry

The NZ shadow page records an established geometric offset: the horizonless critical impact sits 4.63 percent above the Schwarzschild value. In-repo geodesic transfer through three frozen emission books is the comparison prepared for ngEHT, with mass and distance still carrying the present EHT window.

What this is used for

Use this page for b_c = 2e ≈ 5.437 M against 3√3 ≈ 5.196 M, for the Kerr band [4.48, 5.20] M, and for the in-repo ray books that keep an extended-emission offset near +4 percent and move a 12M torus to about −13 to −15 percent.

Walk through

Horizonless NZ has critical impact b_c = 2e ≈ 5.437 M, Schwarzschild is 3√3 ≈ 5.196 M, the offset is +4.63 percent, and static NZ lies above the Kerr band [4.48, 5.20] M at fixed M/D. The in-repo geodesic transfer uses three thin books: extended emission falling as r⁻², an inner-heavy flow, and an ISCO-peaked flow. Extended and inner-heavy runs keep NZ on 2e and Kerr near 3√3, offset +4.1 percent, while the ISCO-peaked book keeps NZ on 2e as the bright ring walks outward and the offset changes sign. Interior contrast is 1 percent from the redshift factor e^{−M/r}. A shared RIAF torus at circumferential radius 12M moves the offset to about −13 to −15 percent, and ngEHT near 0.5 microarcseconds with M/D near 2 percent is the target.

Geometry

Horizonless exponential NZ has critical impact . Schwarzschild is . The offset is +4.63% [E] geometry. At fixed M/D, static NZ sits above the entire GR Kerr geometric band . Kerr spin shrinks the silhouette; it does not reach up to static NZ.

What EHT does and does not do

Current EHT diameters sit inside ~2σ of both GR and NZ once mass/distance error is respected. Plasma/RT floors of a few percent dominate. EHT does not select NZ. ngEHT (~0.5 µas) plus M/D at the ~2% class remains a TARGET, not an automatic 3σ discovery.

In-repo GRRT (not GRMHD)

Null geodesics plus three frozen optically-thin books (extended , inner-heavy, ISCO-peaked):

Extended / inner-heavy: NZ ring stays on 2e; Kerr stays near 3√3; offset ~+4.1%.
ISCO-peaked: NZ still on 2e; Kerr’s bright ring walks out toward the matter; the sign flips.
Horizonless does not fill the hole: interior contrast ~1% from redshift .

The footnote “we have never ray-traced” is gone. The footnote “any simple plasma model washes out +4.63%” is not. A named shared RIAF torus peaked at circumferential flips the NZ/Kerr image offset to about to . Plus four percent is a photon-sphere / volume-filling number, not a prediction about every optically thin flow. Fluid GRMHD (BHAC / ipole) is still OPEN. A Kerr dump ray-traced on NZ geodesics is not an NZ image. Spinning Class A is not “above all Kerr” on every branch.

A regular Einstein ball that is in areal radius onto the NZ area-minimum is not available: that cut is a marginally trapped sphere (lab CBM-4). Horizonless NZ as a 4-geometry remains horizonless. That is not a solved interior core.

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