Antiparticles

An antiparticle is the topological mirror of its partner: T(p,q) ↔ T(q,p) with reversed Hopf fibre orientation. Pair production is topological bubble nucleation.

The mirror knot

T(p,q) and T(q,p) are distinct knots (in general) but related by the exchange of winding numbers — this is the CPT discrete symmetry.

Key pairs

Electron T(1,1) ↔ Positron T(1,1): with reversed orientation (since p=q=1, the knot is the same but the fibre orientation reverses).
Proton T(2,3) ↔ Antiproton T(3,2): (same as neutron winding but with opposite charge orientation).

CPT symmetry

The framework realises the discrete CPT symmetry geometrically — Charge reversal = winding orientation flip, Parity = reflection in S³, Time reversal = Hopf fibre direction.

Pair production

Particle + antiparticle pair are created together because you cannot create a topological knot without simultaneously creating its mirror — topology conservation.

Pair annihilation

When T(p,q) and its mirror meet, the total winding number cancels → the energy is released as free (unconfined) photons.

Antiparticle masses

T(p,q) and T(q,p) have the same self-linking number pq = qp → same mass ✓

The BN4 bubble nucleation picture

Pair production in S³ as nucleation of a topological bubble — see /cosmology/baryogenesis.

Key Equations

Source Documents

The primary research documents underlying this page. All files are freely viewable and downloadable. They represent the working research as written — including integrity tags, equations, and finding IDs.

Documents open in the CPT Research Library — a formatted viewer for all source research files.