Quark Model

Quarks as sub-knot configurations within composite torus knots. Colour confinement from the topological constraint that only integer-charged knots can propagate freely in S³.

Deep inelastic scattering confirms nucleons have internal structure. In the CPT model, quarks represent the and winding components viewed as separate topological objects. For the proton , the sector yields charge and the sector yields a structural component associated with -type winding, producing a net integer charge.

Confinement Constraint

The three colour charges are derived from the 3-fold winding around the Clifford torus minor cycle. This directly dictates colour confinement: a free particle must maintain total winding symmetry divisible by 3. Gluons appear as topological strings connecting these winding sectors, mediated by a Weber-type interaction.

Gluon Exchange

Currently, the explicit mapping of SU(3) colour groups from torus knot geometry remains under active maturation. The 3 generations (u/d, c/s, t/b) potentially correlate with the smallest coprime lattice families, demanding an 8D octonion extension to fully close the derivation.

Integrity Status: Maturing [M]

The topological assignment of quarks to sub-knot components explains confinement conceptually, but a fully rigorous SU(3) symmetry derivation is currently maturing.

Source Documents

The primary research documents underlying this page. All files are freely viewable and downloadable. They represent the working research as written — including integrity tags, equations, and finding IDs.

Documents open in the CPT Research Library — a formatted viewer for all source research files.