Proton Structure

The Proton as T(2,3)

The proton has winding numbers on the Clifford torus. It is the torus knot — also known as the “trefoil knot” in knot theory. The winding numbers satisfy ✓ (required for a true knot, not a link).

The properties of the proton follow from these winding numbers:

Note: Proton spin j=1/2 while self-link=6 is even. The spin assignment is [M] — the half-integer spin of the proton requires a more careful treatment of the 8D/octonion structure than the simple FR rule.

The Weber Hold

What keeps the T(2,3) proton stable? The confined photon is moving along a closed torus knot trajectory — it would escape the torus if not for a restoring force. The Weber potential provides this hold:

The Weber Tube Radius

The Weber tube radius (the orbital radius of the confined photon in the proton) was established in the HD2 programme and frozen. For T(2,3):

where is the proton mass. This gives:

The proton charge radius measured experimentally is approximately 0.84 fm (muonic hydrogen) to 0.88 fm (electron scattering). The CPT result is larger — the Weber tube radius is not the charge radius but the photon orbit radius, which is a distinct geometric quantity. The relationship between and the charge radius is under investigation [O].

The V4 Engine and the Proton

The V4 Nuclear Binding Engine uses the proton winding numbers (2,3) and the frozen Weber tube radius as calibration inputs. The engine is calibrated to two measured values: the deuteron binding energy and the alpha-particle binding energy. All 116 element predictions follow from this calibration. See V4 Nuclear Engine.

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